Atmospheric tank design
Many oil and gas designers or those new to atmospheric tank design misunderstand that both atmospheric tanks and pressure vessels are classified differently.
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Calculation for Atmospheric tank design
Tanks can be divided into two categories. The two types of storage tanks are Atmospheric Storage Tank and Low Pressure Storage Tank. For Pressure Vessel: When pressure is applied to a vessel, regardless of its shape, normal pressure is exerted against the walls against the surface. A pressure vessel is a vessel that has a pressure different from atmospheric pressure. There are many types of pressure vessels; thin-walled, thick-walled, strong tanks, portable vessels, propane bottles and gas cylinders. A pressure vessel is a vessel that holds a liquid, vapor or gas at a pressure different from atmospheric pressure at the same height. In general, a pressure vessel is considered thin-walled if its radius is greater than 5 times the wall thickness. In this case, the stress on the wall can be considered uniform.
Thin-walled pressure vessels are quite commonly used. There are two specific types of pressure vessels; cylindrical pressure vessels and spherical pressure vessels. In this case, the stress on the wall can be considered uniform. The stress in a thin-walled vessel varies from a maximum value on the inner surface of the vessel to a minimum value on the outer surface. Storage tanks are a category of thin-walled pressure vessels.
There are basically two types of tanks. Atmospheric tanks and pressure tanks. You can review our pressure vessel design page on pressure tanks. Atmospheric tanks are used for fluids that can be stored at ambient conditions, such as crude oil, water, and some gases. Pressure tanks are used for liquids that need to be stabilized and stored under pressure, such as LPG (liquefied petroleum gas), LNG (liquefied natural gas), and liquid nitrogen.
Atmospheric tanks can have a floating roof that floats on the liquid as described, or a fixed cone roof attached to the walls of the tank. The floating roof is chosen to reduce the vapor space above the liquid and therefore minimize the fire hazard. Pressure tank types can be spherical or bullet-shaped, and these storage tanks are used to store liquids above atmospheric pressures.
Things to consider in pressure vessel design
Vents are required in atmospheric tanks to prevent pressure changes that may occur due to temperature changes and the withdrawal or addition of liquid. API Standard 2000, Venting of Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, provides practical guidelines for venting design. The principles of this standard are also applicable to fluids other than petroleum products. Excessive losses of volatile liquids, especially those with flash points below 38 °C (100 °F), can occur in fixed-roof tanks with open vents.
Sometimes vents are connected to manifolds and directed to a vent tank, or the vapor can be removed by a recovery system. One effective way to prevent loss of ventilation is to use one of several types of variable-volume tanks. They are manufactured under API Standard 650. They may have a double-deck or single-deck floating roof. There are lift-roof types, where the roof has either a skirt that moves up and down within an annular liquid seal or is connected to the tank shell by a flexible membrane. The fabric expansion chamber located in a compartment on the tank roof also allows volume changes.
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